This article delves into the details of crafting a WordPress theme using React. We highlight the benefits that WordPress theme development with React brings to your online presence.

Content reigns supreme. Every website owner is aware of this fact. However, simply producing content isn’t sufficient. You must also have the capacity to effectively manage it: add it to your site, modify it, or delete it.

In the early days of the Internet, content management was not a task for the average user. The game changed with the introduction of the first content management systems (CMS). These platforms gave individuals with no prior digital technology experience the ability to easily and quickly carry out fundamental operations with website content.

Among these, WordPress stands as one of the most seasoned and widely used platforms. It powers millions of websites of various kinds, from blogs to e-commerce sites. Its intuitive, user-friendly admin panel, which allows site admins to effortlessly handle both back-end and front-end tasks, is a key attraction.

A significant change occurred in the WordPress ecosystem a few years back when the REST API was incorporated into the system’s core. This gave WordPress developers the freedom to work with technologies beyond PHP and HTML for custom WordPress theme creation.

The WordPress front-end has been separated from the back-end, allowing for independent development and even operation from a separate server. This has opened up a world of possibilities.

Developers began using various JavaScript frameworks for custom WordPress themes or enhancing existing ones, relying on WordPress for data retrieval and database interaction.

React.js, a JS library released by Facebook in 2013, is one of the most favored among these. Let’s explore why. 

REST API: The Key Enabler for Developing a WordPress Theme with React 

Discussing the creation of a WordPress theme using React necessitates an understanding of the fundamental concept that makes it feasible – the REST API. Previously, REST API was integrated as a plugin in older versions of WordPress. Now, it’s part of the system’s core, marking one of the most transformative improvements in WordPress history.

API stands for Application Programming Interface, while REST denotes Representational State Transfer. Essentially, REST is a set of guidelines dictating how website data should be manipulated (creation, reading, updating, and deletion) in the form of collections and objects.

Each data type in WordPress is represented by a specific endpoint or URL. For instance, the base route for posts is /wp/v2/posts, and for themes, it’s /wp/v2/themes. These endpoints can be used within the code to manipulate database data when creating a WordPress theme with React or a similar JS framework.

Data travels between the back-end and front-end as JSON objects. JSON, JavaScript Object Notation, is a convenient document format containing JavaScript objects with key-value pairs. Consider it akin to a TV remote control. You press the power button, a signal is sent to the TV to switch on, and you start receiving information. The endpoint can be compared to the button, and the corresponding JSON object is the signal.

You’re not concerned about how this signal is processed inside the TV. Your interest lies in the information. The remote control is the interface that lets you communicate with the TV by pressing various buttons.

When your WordPress theme is powered by React, the REST API functions as the interface connecting you to the database and facilitating data operations. Two points worth noting:

• The same security restrictions apply to the REST API, whether you’re building a WordPress theme with React.js or using the reliable old PHP.
• Using the WordPress REST API isn’t mandatory.

The REST API offers WordPress site owners one major benefit: clear separation of front-end and back-end. You could have two distinct development teams operating from different places and running their website parts from separate servers.

Other benefits include:

• Creating a React app as a WordPress theme results in a Single Page Application (SPA) with a distinctive design and superior user experience.
• A WordPress React.js theme is highly dynamic/interactive, performs well, and can incorporate animations. While other frameworks also permit animation usage in themes, React.js simplifies the process.
• A React theme for WordPress can store data client-side for added speed.
• A WordPress theme powered by React can function even without Internet connectivity, thanks to Service Workers.

These points should be compelling enough to persuade you to leverage the REST API in your next or ongoing project. But why build a WordPress theme with React when other technologies are available? Here’s why.

WordPress Theme Development with React: The Optimal Choice for Your Website

In a previous article, we underlined the primary benefits of using React for WordPress theme development. Let’s discuss the key aspects that render React an excellent choice for  WordPress theme development.

Fast and Easy WordPress Theme Development 

This feature is greatly valued by WordPress developers. If you examine the syntax, known as JSX, it appears as JavaScript code embedded with HTML. Moreover, everything in React is characterized as a component, encapsulating logic, structure, and visual presentation in one place.

Although this seems to contradict the separation of concerns principle, developers typically adapt to this approach and find it beneficial.

Individuals with a working knowledge of JavaScript and HTML can understand the basics of React relatively quickly, though mastering advanced concepts may take some time.

The uncomplicated syntax and familiar technologies make React WordPress theme development quite speedy (though tasks like implementing server-side rendering may require more time). This leads to a reduction in development costs. 

Numerous Components Available for Use

Another advantage that accelerates React WordPress Theme Development is the option to reuse many components from one project in another. Similar to Lego blocks, WordPress developers can take one ‘block’ and integrate it into a different site.

There might be specific features that are challenging to transfer smoothly to another project. However, for simple components, this is entirely feasible. The best part: all these building blocks are not interdependent and can be modified without risking damage to others. 

Only Updated Components in a WordPress React.js Theme Are Redrawn

React.js employs the concept of the virtual DOM. Manipulating the actual DOM can be a time and resource-intensive process. For instance, if you have a group of six checkboxes and you select one, with Vanilla JavaScript or a different framework, the entire group of checkboxes is reloaded to mirror the changes in the DOM.

Conversely, if you opt to create a React app for a WordPress theme, only the selected checkbox will be redrawn in the DOM. How so? For every actual DOM object (e.g., checkbox or radio button), React offers a virtual DOM object with identical properties.

But it’s just that: “virtual.” It’s a “phantom” copy of the actual object, used solely for comparison. When a checkbox is selected, React redraws the entire virtual DOM. Unlike the actual DOM, the virtual DOM is re-rendered at lightning speed.

React then compares the new virtual DOM with the previous version before the checkbox was selected and redraws only that checkbox in the physical DOM, leaving the rest of the page elements untouched. This results in ultra-fast themes.

These are just a few of the impressive features of React.js that are persuading an increasing number of site owners to choose React themes for their WordPress projects.

However, like any other technology, React isn’t without its flaws, albeit minor. 

Potential Drawbacks to Consider When Opting for React WordPress Theme Development

React.js Is Continually Evolving

Despite being fast and efficient, React is still relatively new. It was initially released in 2013. Hence, the platform is still being actively developed. Instances of issues and bugs aren’t uncommon.

That said, with each new version, React is becoming more mature and sturdy. The React development community is already considerable, meaning WordPress theme developers using React should easily find solutions to their challenges.

Implementing the WordPress REST API with React May Necessitate Additional Workarounds

Simply connecting React.js to WordPress via the REST API doesn’t guarantee your site will perform rapidly. This is because the React app still needs to retrieve ample data from the database, particularly if the user interface is complex.

Thus, to build a truly fast WordPress theme with React, developers need to put in extra effort. They might need to create an indexer to populate a single document with frequently used data from the database, among other strategies to enhance the efficiency of the React-WordPress combination.

Final Words

The integration of React.js with WordPress theme development offers a compelling range of benefits – speed, ease, cost-effectiveness, and the ability to reuse components. Moreover, the use of React.js results in a highly dynamic WordPress theme, supporting data storage on the client-side, offline functionality, and efficient manipulation of DOM.

However, like any technology, it is not without its challenges. Being a continuously evolving platform, it may present instances of bugs and require additional workarounds for optimal performance. Nonetheless, with an active development community and the potential for frequent improvements, React.js remains a worthwhile choice for innovative web development. 

Finally, while choosing a perfect implementation technology is super important, everything truly originates from the design phase. It’s of paramount importance to craft a visually stimulating theme that not only captivates but also converts. This is precisely when enlisting the services of a white label design agency might become necessary.

These agencies offer businesses expert, high-quality website creation without the need for in-house resources. They save entrepreneurs time and effort, provide customization to uphold brand identity, potentially improve online visibility through SEO services, and allow for rebranding opportunities.

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We’ve noticed that QA specialists are often brought into the project later than desired. If the software testing process starts only after the first build of the application is ready, there is the potential for errors to have occurred during the technical requirements and specifications stage. Fixing mistakes afterward is always more complicated, which is why it’s important to implement the following initial steps as part of your testing strategy to save time and money.

1. Device models and OS versions

Once you’ve identified your project idea, business logic, and target users, you should decide which mobile devices and OS versions to make your mobile app compatible with. These same devices should be the ones you test on.

To figure out the best mobile devices for your app, consider the following questions: what devices are most popular in the location you plan to launch your app in? If you have a website, which mobile devices are used most often to access it? What devices are most popular among your target audience? What versions of Android and iOS are necessary for the business logic of the project? Lastly, what versions of Android and iOS are the most widely used around the world at the moment?

Resources such as Apple and Google distribution dashboard, Device Atlas, and Statcounter can be used to help answer these questions.

After you have made your decisions, the mobile devices and OS you have chosen will have an impact on the functional requirements, application design, and the devices and OS used for software testing. It is wise to select at least three to five reference devices for each platform with varying screen aspect ratios, DPIs, and OS versions.

2. Specification and design prototype testing

After the technical specifications are finalized, it is critical to involve a QA specialist. If the design is also ready, it is all the more essential to have one at this stage. Testing the specification and design prototype will enable you to detect bugs prior to them becoming embedded in the mobile app.

The QA specialist will be able to spot any incompleteness in descriptions, ambiguous language, contradictions, and imprecisions. Testing the prototype design will help to eliminate any disparity in the technical specification and can help to uncover any issues with the user experience.

This approach will prevent any potential issues down the road and save the team valuable time while keeping you on budget.

Test Planning

The project has been given the ultimate approved specifications and design; the project management methodology, which typically decides the suitable software testing technique, has also been decided. Consequently, the next stages of development can now take place. Nonetheless, prior to starting with testing, a few more critical steps must be taken.

The test plan is an integral part of any quality assurance process, providing testing specialists with the necessary information to ensure a successful product launch. It includes the following main components:

1. Project Overview: This section should contain introductory information about the project, including its target audience, the parts of the project that are subject to testing, and a description of all parts of the project.
2. Links to the Main Project Documents: This includes links to project space, technical specifications, design source files, a list of test logins and passwords, test checklists, test scenarios and test cases.
3. Necessary Equipment: This should include a list of device models and OS versions that the application should support, as well as considerations for using emulators.
4. Interaction with Other Applications or Devices: If the mobile application involves integration with other apps or devices, the QA should be familiar with the details of how integration testing will be performed.
5. Testing Team: This section should include a team of testers and the role of each member, as well as an intro meeting with the team to discuss roles, plans, tasks and expectations of all project participants.
6. Project Space and Bug Tracking Tools: This should include the list of systems and tools used on the project, such as ADB, Crashlytics, Postman, Instabug.
7. Testing Start and Finish: This should contain the criteria and deadlines for testing if the release date is fixed, as well as any dates for private demonstrations during the development process.

Testing a mobile application is a complex process and takes effort from the entire team. You can modify the steps of the testing process for each project. However, do not forget to adhere to the 10 steps mentioned above. This will guarantee a successful outcome with a high-quality mobile application.

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Web scraping is a technique used to extract data from websites. It involves writing scripts to extract specific pieces of information from HTML or XML documents, such as webpages and APIs. This data can be used for various purposes like analytics, research, and more. The process itself requires a certain level of programming knowledge to scrape the desired content effectively. With JavaScript, developers are able to create scripts that allow them to conduct web scraping activities with ease.

Definition of Web Scraping & Data Extraction

Web scraping is the process of using code or special software tools to extract text-based content from websites or other sources on the internet. As an example, if you wanted to collect all product prices across multiple eCommerce sites without having to visit each website separately manually, you could use web scraping techniques instead. This extracted data can then be stored in CSV files or databases for further analysis and processing tasks like price comparison and predictions etc.

Data extraction refers specifically to methods used for extracting structured data (usually in tabular format) from unstructured sources such as HTML pages or PDFs — formats where there’s no easy way out-of-the box way of getting structured tables out directly from them automatically. For this reason, many manual processes may need custom coding when dealing with these types of documents as part of the extraction process, which makes it slightly more complex than traditional web scraping approaches.

Understanding the Different Types of Programs Used for Web Scraping & Data Extraction in JavaScript

When it comes down to actually implementing your own web scraper using javascript, there are usually two main routes one might take depending on what type of program they wish their scraper run within: browser-based programs vs. server-side programs. In both cases, Javascript will be at the core, but depending on what type of program you want your script running inside, different libraries/frameworks may need to be added into mix too, so let’s explore each option below:

Browser-Based Programs – Browser-based programs typically involve leveraging client-side technologies like HTML / CSS / js, which runs most often within browsers themselves (think Chrome, Firefox, etc.). Here we can use things like JQuery + vanilla JS along with DOM manipulation techniques combined with XPath selectors & regex patterns, among other things — all provided by modern browsers today — making it possible to build our own very powerful scrapers even though sometimes tricky debug!

Server-Side Programs – On the flipside, we also have server-side implementations available via nodeJS, which allows us to access underlying filesystem + network operations while also allowing us to execute system commands through our script, something not possible through pure client-side methodologies mentioned earlier. We don’t necessarily have the same easy access HTML elements here (although still doable), but much easier to implement some really advanced stuff compared before by doing things asyncronously while taking advantage of multiple CPU cores (in case the machine has’em) among other goodies!

Exploring How JavaScript Interacts with a Website’s HTML & CSS Structure

Building an effective web scraper requires an understanding of how websites are structured. In particular, knowledge of the underlying HTML (HyperText Markup Language) and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) elements that make up a page is essential to scrape it effectively.

JavaScript works together with these elements, allowing developers to interact with them in various ways, such as manipulating their content or styling. Understanding how this process works is key for crafting effective scripts for web scraping. For example, using JavaScript’s document object model (DOM), developers can navigate through the hierarchical structure of a webpage and extract specific pieces of data from it. Additionally, they can use XPath selectors and regex patterns to target even more precisely the desired information on each page they wish to scrape.

Ultimately, being able to craft powerful scrapers via javascript opens up lots of possibilities when it comes down to collecting data online while also giving us great control over exactly what we want to parse out any given website!

Why JavaScript is the Ideal Language for Web Scraping Projects

One key reason why JavaScript is so well suited to web scraping tasks is its flexibility. As one of the most popular scripting languages, JS can be used to build automation scripts that are tailored to your particular needs and goals. Its wide range of libraries also means you have access to various ready-made tools that can make your job much easier too. Additionally, as a dynamic language, JS allows you to modify existing code quickly and easily in response to changing requirements or conditions – something which makes it especially useful when dealing with large amounts of data or complex sites with many different elements on them at once.

Reasons why JS Is a Powerful Programming Language For Extracting Information from Websites

JavaScript provides several advantages over traditional coding languages when it comes to collecting data online:

Speed: With its lightweight syntax, Javascript enables quick development cycles without sacrificing performance; this makes it ideal for rapidly prototyping applications while still providing reliable results every time they run. Additionally, since there’s no need for compilation (which can add considerable overhead), scripts written in JS tend to execute faster than those written using other coding languages like Java or C++

Accessibility: Unlike some more advanced scripting languages, which may require specialized software or hardware setups before they can be used effectively, nearly anyone can begin writing basic programs in JS within minutes, thanks to its intuitive nature and widespread support across multiple platforms (such as browsers). This makes learning how to use and apply Javascript relatively simple, even if you don’t have any prior programming experience!

Scalability & Flexibility: While many modern coding languages offer scalability options (allowing developers to create applications that expand as needed over time), none do so quite like Javascript does – due mainly thanks to its modular architecture, which allows functions/modules created elsewhere easily be imported into new projects without needing extensive modifications first; making growth potential virtually limitless regardless how complex things get!

Ease of Use: Javascript provides a simple syntax that makes it easy to learn and understand. Even those without prior coding experience can quickly get up-to-speed with basic script commands so they can start scraping the web right away. Additionally, there are many tutorials available online that provide guidance on how to write effective scripts for any project size or complexity level.

Cross-Platform Compatibility: JavaScript runs on all major operating systems, including Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, and even mobile devices like tablets and smartphones, meaning your scripts will always be compatible regardless of where they’re deployed – something essential if you plan on using them on different browsers or platforms at once during your extraction projects! This also makes sharing code between users much less complicated since everyone should be able to run your programs no matter what device they’re accessing them from without issue.

The Benefits of Using JavaScript for Web Scraping & Data Analysis

Automation through javascript has become increasingly important in today’s digital age – enabling businesses to extract value from their datasets faster than ever before by leveraging pre-built components rather than having manually code everything themselves each time they want to perform analysis/scrape content off websites, etc.

Here are some additional benefits associated with using javascript automated processes instead of manual methods whenever possible:

• Efficiency Gains: By automating tedious tasks such as retyping data from one source to another each time changes occur (or need updating), businesses can save countless hours otherwise spent doing mundane work freeing up resources to focus on more valuable activities instead, thus improving overall productivity levels significantly!
• Lower Costs (& Higher Profits): Not only will automation increase efficiency, but it will also reduce costs associated with labor-related expenses, thereby increasing profits margins substantially over a long-term basis too… All these savings are then reinvested back into business operations, further strengthening competitiveness edge against competitors’ marketspace alike!
• Improved Accuracy & Reliability: Manual entry errors often plague organizations due to lack of oversight during inputting process; however, automated systems eliminate human error almost entirely, ensuring accuracy and reliability remain consistently high at all times– resulting in improved customer satisfaction ratings, better decision-making capabilities throughout organization itself, ultimately leading greater success moving forward future endeavors likewise.

How to Get Started with Web Scraping in JavaScript

Now that you understand the basics of web scraping and how JavaScript interacts with websites, it’s time to start. Before you dive into your project, there are a few things you need to know about getting started with web scraping in JavaScript.

Setting Up Your Environment for Development

Before getting started with web scraping in JavaScript, you must first set up your environment for development. This includes installing any necessary software, such as a code editor or an integrated development environment (IDE). You will also need to install Node.js, which is a popular runtime environment used by many developers when creating applications using Javascript. Once you have installed all the necessary software, then you can begin writing your code to start compiling data from websites through web scraping methods.

Learning the Basics Of Working With APIs, Libraries, And Frameworks

Once you have set up your environment for development, then it’s time to start learning about different types of programs used for web scraping & data extraction in JavaScript, including APIs, libraries, and frameworks such as Puppeteer, Cheerio, and Axios, which are some of the most commonly used tools when working with JS on projects related to web scraping. It is important that you understand these concepts before continuing so that you can create efficient programs quickly and easily while avoiding common mistakes made by inexperienced developers who do not take their time to understand how each program works before attempting more complex tasks like extracting large amounts of data from multiple websites at once.

Finding Useful Tutorials And Resources On The Internet

In addition to understanding the fundamentals mentioned above, another essential step towards success when starting out with Web Scraping in JavaScript is finding helpful tutorials & resources online that provide detailed instructions on how exactly certain tasks should be completed using specific programming languages/frameworks/libraries, etc.

Depending on what type of project someone wants to undertake, there may be dozens or even hundreds of tutorials available online created by experienced professionals who know exactly what they are doing, making them ideal sources for beginners or those looking to brush up their skills quickly without spending too much time researching themselves individually trying figure things out themselves!

What Are Some Popular Tools & Services For Easy & Automatic web scraping In JavaScript?

As a JavaScript developer, you have a plethora of options when it comes to tools and services that can help you perform web scraping and data extraction. In this section, we will introduce you to some of the most popular and widely used ones.

Cheerio.js

Cheerio is a fast & efficient open-source library designed specifically for web scraping with NodeJS (JavaScript runtime). It provides developers with an intuitive API that enables them to parse HTML documents without having to write complex DOM manipulation code by hand. By leveraging jQuery-like syntax within your codebase, you can easily traverse HTML elements on a page and extract valuable information from them using XPath selectors or CSS selectors like class names and IDs, etc. This makes it incredibly simple to get started with basic web scraping tasks right away!

Puppeteer

Puppeteer is another powerful library developed by Google that allows you to run headless Chrome instances within your own NodeJs application so as to perform automated browser tests or scrape dynamic content from pages powered by frameworks such as React or AngularJS etc. The beauty of Puppeteer lies in its ability to control the user interface directly through its API rather than relying on external programs/packages like Selenium WebDriver (which requires additional setup). This enables developers who are familiar with modern front-end development techniques (HTML5/CSS3) to create powerful automation scripts much faster than before!

Axios

Axios is yet another great option when it comes to fetching remote resources over HTTP(s). It uses promises instead callbacks which makes coding more intuitive – enabling users to make asynchronous requests without getting bogged down by callback hell As well as providing support for advanced features such as headers management; caching; authentication; compression etc., Axios also provides error handling capabilities allowing users to handle server response errors gracefully too!

Request

Request has long been hailed as ‘the Swiss Army knife’ when it comes making HTTP requests via NodeJs applications – whether they be simple GETs/POSTs or complex streaming operations involving file uploading/downloading etc. Unlike other libraries mentioned above, though; Request was built mainly with compatibility in mind – meaning that even if your target website uses outmoded technologies such as legacy versions of PHP or JavaServer Pages (JSP); chances are that you should still be able to use Request successfully

Nightmare.js

Nightmare.js gives developers access to real browsers running behind the scenes – including full support of Chrome’s DevTools Protocol (CDP) so that they can automate interactions across multiple tab windows at once! Even better, since everything runs locally, there’s no need to worry about dealing with pesky cross-domain issues either All these features combined make Nightmare.js the perfect choice for those looking to create sophisticated end-to-end testing scenarios where reliability is critical.

Scrape-It.Cloud

Scrape-It.Cloud is a web scraping API for efficiently extracting data from websites. It offers features such as automatic IP rotation and CAPTCHA solving to handle the challenges associated with web scraping, so developers can focus on data extraction. With a simple API request, the HTML response can be easily parsed using the preferred parsing library. Customization options include the ability to send custom headers/cookies, set the user agent, and choose a preferred proxy location.

Tips & Tricks On How To Avoid Getting Blocked While Web Scraping In JS

Web scraping is a powerful tool for data extraction and analysis. However, it can also be risky if you don’t take the necessary precautions to ensure that your web scraper isn’t blocked or detected by the website’s security systems. Here are some tips and tricks to help you stay safe while web scraping in JavaScript:

• Use proxy servers – Proxy servers allow you to rotate your IP address so that websites can’t detect and block your requests. This makes it much harder for them to determine who is behind the requests.
• Set up user-agent strings – User-agent strings are used by websites to identify different types of devices accessing their content, such as desktop computers, mobile phones, tablets, etc. You should set up a custom user-agent string based on the device type that most closely matches what you’ll be using for your web scraping projects with JavaScript.
• Utilize headless browsers – Headless browsers are automated programs that behave just like regular browsers (such as Chrome or Firefox) but without any visual interface or window being opened on the screen. They’re incredibly useful when it comes to avoiding detection from websites’ security systems since they simulate how humans would interact with a website more accurately than other web scraping methods in JavaScript.
• Make sure not to send too many requests at once or too frequently – If you make too many requests within a short period of time, then this will likely trigger an alarm in the website’s security system which could lead them blocking your access altogether (or temporarily). Try setting up timers between each request, so there is a sufficient time gap between each one sent out from your script/program.

Conclusion

The conclusion of this comprehensive guide to web scraping in JavaScript is that it is a powerful tool for extracting data from websites and can be used with great success. From setting up the environment to learning the basics and finding useful resources, we have covered all aspects of web scraping in JavaScript. We have also gone through some of the popular tools and services for easy web scraping, as well as some tips & tricks on how to avoid getting blocked while doing so.

With all this knowledge at hand, you are now equipped with everything you need to know about web scraping with JavaScript. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced developer looking for ways to improve your current project, I hope this guide has provided you with valuable insights into the world of web scraping using JavaScript!

The post A Comprehensive Guide to Web Scraping in JavaScript: What You Need to Know appeared first on CL-TryJ.

Web Development
This is one of the most diverse and broad directions in programming. Professionals here work with a variety of languages, including JavaScript, Python, PHP, Java, Ruby. Today in this area there are many newcomers. This is due to the fact that there is a lot of content on the web to help you learn the basics and already start earning on simple orders.

Mobile development
Today, mobile development is considered one of the most promising areas. After all, almost everyone has phones and other gadgets, and their capabilities are only growing every day. In mobile development the main focus is the creation of applications for phones on Android and iOS, as well as other devices that run on these systems.

The main programming languages used to create mobile applications today are considered to be several: Java and Kotlin for Android, Swift for “apple” gadgets, as well as Python, JavaScript, C#.

Game Developer
Not so long ago, the profession of “game developer” was in the top of the list when answering the question of which areas of programming are the most promising and profitable.

Game development is not just profitable, but also interesting. Usually in this area come people who live their product, interested in game topics, and casual people just do not stay and look for other specialties. In this programming sphere there are high salaries, but you should enter it with a certain knowledge and experience and also with readiness to work long and productively.

Internet of Things (IoT)
Among the huge number of areas of programming today at the peak of popularity one more – the Internet of things. And the number of requests for specialists in this profile is constantly growing.

The Internet of Things is a field of programming aimed at creating special smart devices, as well as the connection to the network of a smart house or a smart city. This is the work with automated and robotic systems that make people’s lives easier, more comfortable and safer.

Programming of embedded systems
There is one more area of programming, which is in the top of the demanded and profitable today. This is work not with web and mobile applications, but with industrial equipment, CNC, microcontrollers and other types of equipment. Usually C and C++ programming languages are used here, but other languages specially designed for certain devices and microcontrollers can also be used.

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Nearly all web resources today are written in CSS, so knowing the language is a must-hard-skill for layout designers.

CSS is a descriptive language that helps you format XML and HTML documents. It offers many possibilities for page layout and approaches to element arrangement.

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. Cascading Style Sheets are usually used with HTML and JavaScript, but they are three different languages:

In HTML, you structure data — you create a text document where you mark up hyperlinks, tables, bulleted lists, different levels of headings. The result is a “sheet” of text.

In CSS you work out the visual component of the web page – colors, fonts, and arrangement of elements. You take your HTML framework and apply CSS styling to it to render the existing text beautifully, and choose the colors and layouts that work best for you.

In JavaScript you control how the page behaves, giving it interactivity.

To use an analogy with the human body, HTML is the skeleton that defines structure. CSS is the skin, the eye color, the hair. And JavaScript is what makes a person move – the heart and the blood.

Let’s imagine that you want to set a non-standard color for the background. You could do it in HTML, but that is not a very useful way of doing it, because it is very cumbersome. CSS, a separate language for styling, is most commonly used.

Why CSS?
The first version of the language CSS appeared in 1996. His main task at that time – to create a design of documents without programming and complicated logic. The style consisted of colors, fonts and the positioning of individual elements on a web page.

Before the advent of CSS, the layout was created using HTML tables which caused a lot of difficulties. For example, to make a side menu of a site, in HTML-document embedded a table with columns of the right width and make its borders transparent. And to “inflate” individual cells, adding invisible images. But the most important problem is that HTML-design was tied to the content. That is, if you changed the content, you had to change the layout and rewrite endless tables. It was time-consuming, and it drove web designers nuts.

CSS was initially designed only for the design of pages, but gradually it began to be used for layout. Today it has even more potential.

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This is the easiest specialization to enter the profession and steadily popular direction – there are more and more vacancies, and the demand for website development does not fall. This is due to the fact that some web applications are not converted to mobile format at all. For example, the graphical editor Figma would be extremely inconvenient to use from a phone. But it works fine in a browser.

Basic Web Developer Skills
Any web application consists of two parts: the backend and the frontend. The backend is what’s “under the hood,” the “stuffing” of the site, and the frontend is what users see.

Backend developers do the technical part, and frontend developers do the user part. There are also full-stack developers – these are full-service specialists, they do both the backend and frontend.

Each type of development has its own programming languages.

A programming language is the main tool of a developer.
To be in demand as a specialist, you do not need to be tied to a particular language. Over time, you learn to program as a whole, that is, to understand the general patterns and principles of languages. Then the next languages will be easier to master. They are in principle similar to each other – once you have learned one, it will be easier.

The frontend developer: languages, skills
Almost everything we see on the Internet is made by frontend developers: websites, feeds, online stores and much more. The frontend developer is responsible for the visible part of the Internet: how pages behave and how users see them.

Skills. The main language used by frontend developers is JavaScript (not to be confused with Java). You also need CSS and HTML, markup languages. Another useful language and a partial analogue of JavaScript is TypeScript – it solves some of the shortcomings of JS and requires little effort to learn.

CSS, HTML and JavaScript are the base of every web developer
In addition to the main language and markup languages, it is a good idea to know at least one framework. The most popular are React, Angular, Vue, and Svelte. Most front-end jobs today require knowledge of a framework, not just Javascript.

Backend developer: languages, skills and salary
Backend developers are responsible for what happens on the server. The backend is not visible to users. Backend technologies include authorization, data processing and storage, emailing, etc.

The main backend languages are Java, PHP, Python, C#, Ruby. But for a successful work it is necessary to get acquainted with the frontend, at least indirectly. Therefore the backend needs to know CSS, HTML and basic JavaScript.

Fullstack developer: languages, skills and salary
A full-stack developer understands frontend and backend. But there are far fewer such jobs than there are for individual frontend or backend specialists.

Often, fullstack is needed for projects where design is not important, and the only requirement for the product is “to make it work.”

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